Vertical Multiplication: 631 × 316 =

To solve this problem, we will multiply the two numbers step by step:

• Step 1: Multiply the bottom number, 316, by each digit of the top number, 631, starting from the rightmost digit 1.

• Step 2: Align each resulting product according to its place value.

• Step 3: Sum all the aligned products to find the final result.

Let's carry out the multiplication:

$\begin{aligned} 631 \times 6 &= 3786, \text{ (align under the hundreds place)}\\ 631 \times 1 &= 631, \text{ (align under the tens place)}\\ 631 \times 3 &= 1893, \text{ (align under the units place)} \end{aligned}$

Now, add these products together:

$\begin{aligned} &\phantom{+}3786\\ &+ \phantom{0}631\phantom{0} \\ &+ 1893\phantom{00} \\ \hline &199396 \end{aligned}$

Therefore, the product of 631 and 316 is $199396$.